Yankin Yamanashi yana kudu maso yammacin Tokyo kuma yana da ɗaruruwan kamfanoni masu alaƙa da kayan ado. Sirrin sa? Kirist na gida.
Maziyartan Yamanashi Jewelry Museum, Kofu, Japan a ranar 4 ga Agusta. Madogaran hoto: Shiho Fukada na The New York Times
Kofu, Japan-Ga mafi yawan Jafananci, Yamanashi Prefecture a kudu maso yammacin Tokyo ya shahara da gonakin inabi, ruwan zafi da 'ya'yan itatuwa, da garinsu na Dutsen Fuji. Amma menene game da masana'anta na kayan ado?
Kazuo Matsumoto, shugaban ƙungiyar Yamanashi Jewelry Association, ya ce: "Masu yawon buɗe ido suna zuwa don giya, amma ba don kayan ado ba." Duk da haka, Kofu, babban birnin lardin Yamanashi, mai yawan jama'a 189,000, yana da kimanin kamfanoni 1,000 masu alaka da kayan ado, wanda ya sa ya zama kayan ado mafi mahimmanci a Japan. masana'anta. Sirrin sa? Akwai lu'ulu'u (tourmaline, turquoise da lu'ulu'u masu hayaƙi, don suna guda uku) a cikin tsaunukanta na arewa, waɗanda wani ɓangare ne na ilimin ƙasa gabaɗaya. Wannan wani bangare ne na al'adar tsawon ƙarni biyu.
Yana ɗaukar sa'a ɗaya da rabi kawai ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa daga Tokyo. Kofu yana kewaye da tsaunuka, ciki har da tsaunukan Alps da Misaka a kudancin Japan, da kuma kyakkyawar kallon Dutsen Fuji (lokacin da ba a ɓoye a bayan gajimare). Tafiya 'yan mintuna kaɗan daga tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Kofu zuwa Gidan Kasuwar Maizuru. Hasumiya ta tafi, amma bangon dutse na asali yana nan.
A cewar Mista Matsumoto, gidan kayan tarihi na Yamanashi Jewelry, wanda aka bude a shekarar 2013, shi ne wuri mafi kyau don koyo game da sana'ar kayan ado a gundumar, musamman ma zane da goge matakai na sana'ar. A cikin wannan ƙaramin gidan kayan gargajiya na ban sha'awa, baƙi za su iya gwada goge duwatsu masu daraja ko sarrafa kayan azurfa a tarurrukan bita daban-daban. A lokacin rani, yara za su iya amfani da tabon gilashin a kan abin lanƙwasa na ganye huɗu a matsayin wani ɓangare na nunin enamel mai jigo na cloisonne. (A ranar 6 ga Agusta, gidan tarihin ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a rufe shi na wani dan lokaci don hana yaduwar cutar ta Covid-19; a ranar 19 ga Agusta, gidan kayan gargajiya ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a rufe shi har zuwa 12 ga Satumba.)
Ko da yake Kofu yana da gidajen cin abinci da shaguna masu kama da mafi yawan matsakaitan birane a Japan, yana da annashuwa da yanayi mai daɗi na ƙaramin gari. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a farkon watan, kowa ya san juna. Sa’ad da muke zagawa cikin gari, Mista Matsumoto ya samu tarba daga masu wucewa da yawa.
"Yana jin kamar jama'ar iyali," in ji Youichi Fukasawa, wani ma'aikacin sana'a da aka haife shi a gundumar Yamanashi, wanda ya nuna kwarewarsa ga baƙi a ɗakin studio ɗinsa a gidan kayan gargajiya. Ya ƙware a gunkin koshu kiseki kiriko, dabarar yankan gem. (Koshu tsohon sunan Yamanashi ne, kiseki yana nufin dutse mai daraja, kuma kiriko hanya ce ta yankewa). alamu.
Yawancin waɗannan alamu an yi su ne na al'ada, an zana su musamman a bayan dutsen gem ɗin kuma an bayyana ta ɗaya gefen. Yana haifar da kowane irin ruɗi na gani. "Ta wannan yanayin, zaku iya ganin fasahar Kiriko, daga sama da gefe, za ku iya ganin tunanin Kiriko," in ji Mista Fukasawa. "Kowane kusurwa yana da tunani daban." Ya nuna yadda za a cimma nau'ikan yankan daban-daban ta hanyar amfani da nau'ikan nau'ikan ruwan wukake da daidaita girman barbashi na abrasive saman da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tsarin yanke.
Kwarewar ta samo asali ne daga gundumar Yamanashi kuma ta yadu daga tsara zuwa tsara. "Na gaji fasahar ne daga mahaifina, kuma shi ma mai sana'a ne," in ji Mista Fukasawa. "Wadannan dabaru iri ɗaya ne da dabarun zamani, amma kowane mai sana'a yana da nasa fassarar, ainihin nasu."
Masana'antar kayan adon Yamanashi ta samo asali ne daga fannoni biyu daban-daban: sana'ar lu'ulu'u da ayyukan ƙarfe na ado. Mai kula da kayan tarihi Wakazuki Chika ya bayyana cewa a tsakiyar Meiji (karshen karni na 19), an haɗa su don yin na'urorin haɗi na sirri kamar kimonos da na'urorin gashi. Kamfanoni da ke da injuna don samarwa da yawa sun fara bayyana.
Duk da haka, yakin duniya na biyu ya yi mummunar illa ga masana'antar. A shekara ta 1945, a cewar gidan tarihin, an lalata yawancin birnin na Kofu a wani hari da aka kai ta sama, kuma shi ne koma bayan sana'ar kayan ado na gargajiya da birnin ke alfahari da shi.
"Bayan yakin, saboda yawan buƙatun kayan ado na crystal da abubuwan tunawa na Japan da sojojin da suka mamaye suka yi, masana'antun sun fara farfadowa," in ji Ms. Wakazuki, wanda ya nuna ƙananan kayan ado da aka zana tare da Dutsen Fuji da pagoda mai hawa biyar. Idan hoton ya daskare a cikin crystal. A lokacin da ake samun saurin bunkasuwar tattalin arziki a kasar Japan bayan yakin, yayin da dandanon mutane ke kara tabarbarewa, masana'antun lardin Yamanashi sun fara amfani da lu'u-lu'u ko duwatsu masu launi da aka sanya a cikin zinari ko platinum don kera kayan adon na zamani.
"Amma saboda mutane suna haƙar lu'ulu'u a yadda suke so, wannan ya haifar da haɗari da matsaloli, kuma ya haifar da wadata ta bushe," in ji Ms. Ruoyue. "Don haka, hakar ma'adinai ta tsaya kusan shekaru 50 da suka wuce." Madadin haka, an fara shigo da kayayyaki da yawa daga Brazil, ana ci gaba da samar da kayayyakin kristal da yawa na Yamanashi, kuma kasuwanni duka a Japan da ketare suna fadadawa.
Yamanashi Prefectural Jewelry Art Academy ita ce kawai makarantar koyar da kayan ado mara zaman kanta a Japan. An buɗe shi a cikin 1981. Wannan kwaleji na shekaru uku yana kan benaye biyu na ginin kasuwanci daura da gidan kayan gargajiya, yana fatan samun manyan kayan adon. Makarantar za ta iya daukar dalibai 35 a kowace shekara, inda adadinsu ya kai kusan 100. Tun daga farkon annobar, daliban sun shafe rabin lokacinsu a makaranta don yin kwasa-kwasai; sauran azuzuwan sun kasance nesa. Akwai dakin sarrafa duwatsu masu daraja da karafa masu daraja; wani sadaukarwa ga fasahar kakin zuma; da dakin gwaje-gwaje na kwamfuta mai dauke da firintocin 3D guda biyu.
A ziyarar karshe da ta kai ajin aji na farko, Nodoka Yamawaki ‘yar shekara 19 tana aikin sassaka faranti na tagulla da kayan aiki masu kaifi, inda dalibai suka koyi sana’o’in hannu. Ta zaɓi ta sassaƙa kyanwa irin na Masar wanda ke kewaye da hieroglyphs. "Na dauki lokaci mai tsawo don tsara wannan zane maimakon ainihin sassaka shi," in ji ta.
A ƙasan matakin, a cikin aji kamar ɗakin karatu, ƴan ƙananan ɗalibai na aji uku suna zama a kan tebura daban-daban na katako, an lulluɓe su da baƙar fata na melamine, don shigar da duwatsu masu daraja na ƙarshe ko goge ayyukan makarantarsu na tsakiya kwana ɗaya kafin ranar cikawa. (Shekarar makaranta ta Japan tana farawa a watan Afrilu). Kowannen su ya zo da zoben nasa, abin lanƙwasa ko zane.
Keito Morino, mai shekaru 21, yana yin aikin gamawa a kan wani tsintsiya madaurinki daya, wanda shine tsarinsa na azurfa wanda aka shimfida da garnet da ruwan hoda yawon shakatawa. Ya ce, "Waƙara ta fito ne daga JAR," in ji shi, yana nufin kamfanin da mai tsara kayan ado na zamani Joel Arthur Rosenthal ya kafa, lokacin da ya nuna bugu na bangon malam buɗe ido. Dangane da shirinsa bayan kammala karatunsa a watan Maris 2022, Mista Morino ya ce bai yanke shawara ba tukuna. "Ina so in shiga cikin bangaren kirkire-kirkire," in ji shi. "Ina so in yi aiki a kamfani na 'yan shekaru don samun gogewa, sannan in buɗe ɗakin studio na."
Bayan da tattalin arzikin kumfa na Japan ya barke a farkon shekarun 1990, kasuwar kayan ado ta yi rugujewa kuma ta tsaya cak, kuma tana fuskantar matsaloli kamar shigo da kayayyaki na kasashen waje. Sai dai makarantar ta bayyana cewa, yawan daliban da ake yi wa tsofaffin daliban aiki ya yi yawa, inda ya zarce kashi 96 cikin 100 tsakanin shekarar 2017 zuwa 2019. Tallar aikin kamfanin Yamanashi Jewelry ya rufe doguwar katangar dakin taro na makarantar.
A zamanin yau, kayan ado da aka yi a Yamanashi ana fitar da su ne zuwa fitattun samfuran Jafananci irin su Star Jewelry da 4°C, amma lardin yana aiki tuƙuru don kafa alamar kayan ado na Yamanashi Koo-Fu ( wasan kwaikwayo na Kofu), kuma a kasuwannin duniya. Masu sana'a na gida ne suka yi tambarin ta hanyar amfani da dabarun gargajiya kuma suna ba da jerin kayayyaki masu araha da jerin amarya.
Amma Mista Shenze, wanda ya sauke karatu a wannan makarantar shekaru 30 da suka gabata, ya ce adadin masu sana’ar hannu yana raguwa (a yanzu yana koyarwa na ɗan lokaci a can). Ya yi imanin cewa fasaha na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sanya sana'ar kayan ado ta shahara ga matasa. Yana da dimbin mabiya a shafin sa na Instagram.
"Masu fasaha a yankin Yamanashi sun mayar da hankali kan masana'antu da ƙirƙira, ba tallace-tallace ba," in ji shi. “Mu kishiyar bangaren kasuwanci ne saboda a al’adance muna zama a baya. Amma yanzu tare da kafofin watsa labarun, za mu iya bayyana kanmu ta kan layi."
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-30-2021